Management of Global Warming Impacts

Management of Global Warming Impacts David Vellacott Title: How are the impacts of global warming best managed? Accompanying files: n/a Did you know that there is more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today than at any point in the last 800,000 years?11 This is a massive contributor to global warming, is mostly induced by human activity and needs urgent attention. The impacts of global warming could feasibly be managed at a variety of scales, local, national and global, but before deciding which approach or combination of approaches is best, we must surely look at the causes, that way we potentially find a cure as opposed to merely treating the symptoms. Causes Over many centuries, CO2 levels have built up, trapped beneath the Earth’s ozone layer, creating an ever thickening ‘blanket’. This is a big problem for us as it will take many centuries for it to be dispersed. Furthermore, rainforests and large areas of vegetation have been removed. This exacerbates the problem of adding extra CO2 when we are essentially removing our natural carbon storage devices. There is a proven strong link between population size, economic activity and our consumer led lifestyle and global warming. As the population has risen over time, so has the level of production of greenhouse gases, further contributing to global warming (see Fig. 1) Fig. 17 China, the most populated country on the planet, which had a population of 1.241 billion in 1998 and 1.351 billion in 2012 4, has seen a rise of 100.1 million people in the space of 10 years and has become the world’s biggest contributor of emissions, therefore leading me to believe that one cause of the worsening of Earth’s global warming is down to overall population increase. However, it would be short sighted to say that this is the only determining factor. Globalisation and extensive economic development/industrialisation is fuelling China’s consumption of fossil fuels and it’s carbon footprint. Fig.2 below shows the Global Warming Emissions by Economic Sector 1 Fig. 2 If we could manage our use of fossil fuels, we can begin to control our carbon excesses, but that won’t reverse the damage already done. Fig. 3 From a different, more focussed local perspective, a cause of climate change is the relentless mass production of new products. Most of the ‘old’ products were sent to landfill sites. Eventually this emits methane (a greenhouse gas). It is only recently (last 20 years) that we have seen the introduction of extensive recycling schemes to try and alleviate this. This allows re-use of materials, helping to reduce emissions from factories producing new materials, as now there is less demand for them, reduces emissions from landfill sites and helps oil supplies last longer. If local schemes like this are continued to be emphasised as they are now, I believe this will have a significant impact on climate change and global warming. Impacts Local Case Study: Telford, Shropshire Telford is an urban area with a population size of 155,000 (2010). Telford’s economy is tertiary based, with some manufacturing. Telford Wrekin Council reported emissions of 18,728 tonnes from the usage of gas, electricity and oil within its property portfolio which includes schools, libraries and leisure centres13. Telford and Wrekin is home to a coal fired power station (owned currently by E.on), which contributes significantly to our local CO2 emissions. As a result of national government’s pressure on local councils to act upon the effects of global warming (Agenda 21), Telford and Wrekin council operates a recycling scheme as a way to cut down on the amount of household waste sent to landfill. Reusable items from households are collected fortnightly and sorted at a recycling centre in the town. The scheme is encouraging in every way. The page about their recycling explains why you don’t have to pay an upfront cost (definitely a positive, good for getting the public on board): because the council saves a great deal of money by recycling; this is cheaper than sending rubbish to landfill. I believe the Telford and Wrekin council runs their recycling scheme very well, ensuring each household has the right containers and are adequately advertising the programme. Since recycling was introduced into Telford, there must surely have been a huge reduction in the amount of rubbish sent to landfill, thus reducing the volume of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere. Telford’s recycling scheme, however, may not have come into existence if the effects of global warming had not been recognised. [used 15] The council are also very conscious about the amount of gases released from industrial processes, believing it is very easy to let it get out of hand, to pose a health risk and to harm land, water and air quality through pollution. Therefore, they use a regime called ‘Environmental Permitting’, also known as pollution prevention control, whereby â€Å"it is an offence for any person/company to operate a permitted (prescribed) activity without a valid permit.† 14 National The UK government is keen to mitigate the effects of climate change by looking to reduce our reliance upon fossil fuels for the generation of electricity. It is encouraging energy companies to look at alternative sources eg renewables like wind and wave and is also encouraging individuals to ‘do their bit’ by part funding their investment in solar panels – many homeowners may see this as the crucial time to invest in solar panels for the roof of their house. This is seemingly confirmed by governmental minister Greg Barker. He states: â€Å"Solar PV can play a central role in meeting this challenge [global warming]. It’s a genuinely exciting energy technology which has already seen rapid growth and enjoys strong public support. I want this growth to continue and to help us push further ahead in the global race† Global I believe that the amount of energy produced from renewable methods will increase. It has been predicted that wind and solar power production will increase 4% by 2018 from 2011 figures.2 In time, the polar ice caps will melt as a result of the higher temperatures brought about by global warming. This will cause a rise in sea levels. It is predicted that by 2100, the global sea level is estimated to rise 28 to 98 centimetres (a maximum of more than three feet)10. Having a warmer planet will interfere with countries’ climates. It has been predicted that on average, there will be more warmer days, and fewer colder; there has been a rise of 0.7 °C over the last century.1 Even in our country, UK, we can see the changes to our climate: in recent years, we have had more prolonged spells of sunny weather in the summer months, and much more severe snowy conditions, eg January 2011. In addition, the extreme weather will result in a global increase in the amount of money put towards predicting what may happen. And when this isn’t enough, even more money will be spent reducing the overall impact of climate change. Global warming could lead to water becoming harder to come by in some places. There may be increasing competition over water, which could lead to conflict between nations and areas of the world. How is global warming being managed? Global In recent years, many countries have created laws that restrict the amount of emissions they produce. For example, the Kyoto Protocol was set up to attempt to control the problem. It was intended to monitor the greenhouse emissions produced by all countries that signed, and reduce them by 5% below 1990 levels by 2012; some countries, such as UK, have subsequently set their own targets (UK 12.5% by 2012)6. But not all countries in the world have signed, so in my opinion, the protocol is not at its most effective. If all countries signed up to the Kyoto Protocol, I strongly believe that this would be an extremely effective method of reducing climate change because the whole world would be tackling a global problem as one, hopefully better than using many different methods which may lead to confusion. National Recently, the UK has raised road taxes, perhaps in a bid to discourage the public from buying and using cars emitting large volumes of harmful gases. Cars that emit high or excessive amounts of emissions are charged a higher road tax, and the opposite for those that produce a lesser amount. However, I feel that this  £140 road tax fee would not be enough to discourage most motorists. Many may see this as simply an additional cost to pay for the car, rather than thinking about or realising the true reason for the extra cost the government has imposed. I truly believe that even the smallest changes will have some impact on the overall global warming picture. In the UK a few years ago, homeowners were strongly encouraged to purchase energy efficient light bulbs. Traditional high wattage incandescent light bulbs were deemed to be inefficient, and people started to buy energy efficient light bulbs to replace these. Using an energy efficient light bulb rather than a 60-watt incandescent bulb will save approximately  £20 in bulb costs, last 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, use two-thirds less energy, and give off 70 percent less heat. If every UK household installed 3 Compact Fluorescent light bulbs, enough energy would be saved in a year to supply all street lighting in the UK12. I would say that this small change is indeed a very efficient method of reducing the effects of global warming and is very economically and environmentally viable. Local In cities such as London, a congestion charge has been put into action since the year 2002. Between 07:00 and 18:00 Monday to Friday, vehicles are charged for using particular roads in an area of London. This was introduced to encourage motorists to use their cars less, resulting in a decrease in emissions. On the first day 190,000 vehicles moved into or within the zone during charging hours, a decrease of around 25% on normal traffic levels, partly due to it also being the half-term school holiday8. However, this congestion charge area may backfire. I think that there would be, before and after the congestion charge was imposed in 2002, exactly the same number of vehicles wishing travel to destinations at these times, if not more. The tax may in turn bring the opposite to the desired effect- vehicles would travel a further distance around the area to avoid paying the money, thus increasing harmful emissions produced, not what the scheme was implemented for. Fig.4: The congestion charge area. Scenarios Local Case Study- Proactive There are many scenarios that could emerge as a result of the pressure from the local council and the national government alike. Telford and Wrekin council’s recycling scheme could be increased in capacity in relation to its success- we could see in the future more frequent collections, possibly once a week, and an even bigger reduction in the amount of waste this town sends to landfill, again reducing the effects of climate change. Another option for the future may be using more public transport than we do currently. In Telford, 2011, there were 84,671 cars and vans in the area16. That equates to an average of 1.3 cars or vans per household in the area. In addition, in Telford there are 1406 households with 4 or more cars16. If these 1406 households reduced down to one car and depended more on public transport, there would be 81,893 cars in the area, only a small reduction. Would depending on public transport more in this area then be worthwhile? Global Case Study Laissez Faire vs Proactive What if we do nothing? It is after all the cheapest option! Can ‘nature’ protect itself? If we consider unmanaged coastal erosion, nature usually ‘stops’ in time. Sea level rise will inevitably ‘drown’ low lying countries but it is a slow process, so we have time to relocate those people or to manage the effects eg building coastal defences to protect them. Alternatively, we look to generate power solely from renewable sources; this way, very few or no emissions will be released into the atmosphere. However, this doesn’t solve the here and now issue of the current emission levels! One viable solution for the future may be to avoid transporting goods far distances across the world, such as to the UK from China. But, factories will need to be built in the countries the goods are intended for in order to use less ‘air miles’. However, this is not completely feasible as some countries have very little room to accommodate the factories. It does however mean that the emissions impacts are felt in the place that created them, which is fairer than at present. Conclusion I believe that some of the best ways to combat the impacts of global warming include: Reduce- Re-use-Recycle – achievable by all global inhabitants Change/convert to energy efficient appliances – mostly applicable to NIC and MEDC residents Using fewer ‘air miles’ – mostly applicable to NIC and MEDC residents Increasing the use of public transport – applicable to most global urban inhabitants – but how do we convince them to leave their cars behind? The smallest changes can, collectively make the biggest difference. If everybody could pull together to address the issues surrounding global warming and climate change, I believe we can achieve a sustainable future. However, I feel that we need to better educate people so that they do not adopt the selfish, ‘couldn’t care less, not my problem’ approach. Bibliography http://www.climatehotmap.org/about/global-warming-causes.html http://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Renewable-Energy/10-Renewable-Energy-Statistics-you-Might-Not-Know.html https://www.gov.uk/government/news/solar-energy-central-to-renewables-expansion http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL http://www.worldcoal.org/coal/uses-of-coal/coal-electricity/ Page 83, GCSE Geography OCR Specification B, Bowness, Ellen, Brazier, Joe et al,CGP, 2009 http://quietmike.org/2013/05/28/global-warmings-biggest-contributors/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_congestion_charge#Immediate_impact http://environment.about.com/od/globalwarming/tp/globalwarmtips.htm http://e360.yale.edu/feature/rising_waters_how_fast_and_how_far_will_sea_levels_rise/2702/ http://www.dosomething.org/actnow/tipsandtools/11-facts-about-global-warming http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/51002 http://www.telford.gov.uk/news/article/398/councils_carbon_reduction_recognised http://www.telford.gov.uk/info/200075/pollution/319/environmental_permitting http://www.telford.gov.uk/faqs/200084/recycling_and_rubbish http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7b=6275277c=telfordd=13e=14g=6386646i=1001x1003x1004m=0r=1s=1386883440731enc=1dsFamilyId=2483

French Impressionism and Post Impressionism in the late

French Impressionism and Post Impressionism in the late 19th C. Ornery Before the emergence of Impressionism we can see a major political and social transition in central Europe which has demonstrable artistic and literary consequences. The major aspects of this change include: The ICC industrial expansion which took away opportunities of individual farming and craft practice and replaced them with paid labor in factories. Governments across Europe are exploring constitutional formulas that attempt to balance the polarities of social right and material progress.Religious institutions are trying to absorb new scientific knowledge and social theory against the fabric of ancient scriptures. In France specifically we see the emergence of political instability with various Governments and various forms of government rising and succeeding another between the absolute monarchy that ends with Louis the XVI in 1789 and Napoleons expansionist empire building which begins in 1851 with a coup d'  ©tat and comes to a close in 1870.Amongst these turbulent years we see political outcomes that range from â€Å"reign of terror†, constitutional monarchy, a republic, a royal serration and a socialist commune as well as the Napoleonic empire. During this turbulent social and political era we also have Marx and Angels issuing the communist manifesto in 1848 and Darning's revolutionary publication † Origin of the species† in 1859. Painters have now access to synthetic chemical pigments developed by modern science which replace the old-fashioned organic pigments.The new pigments often have greater luminosity and brilliance. Lithography makes possible low-cost reproductions which allows artists to reach a new public with prints of their work. The same technology also brings about the newspaper and the low-cost novel. In every case, individual ideas can now be â€Å"broadcast† and disseminated amongst a more diverse audience than previously. Aestheticism also can be printed and distributed widely. The previous ties between knowledge (as apart from education) and class-structure are being stretched much further.Painters and poets who had not long before escaped reality as such with flights to the exotic and romantic dreamless that typify the Neo-classic and Romantic styles and periods, are returning to the here and now. Balzac and Dickens are writing social critique, Dandier and Courier paint the social underdog in a style that creates social impact because of it's convincing realist treatment and the genre of subject-matter. We can see painters slowly turning towards the great cities for inspiration and subject- matter and a dominance of the artificial over the natural.The growing need in this new social climate for artists to achieve immediacy of expression mean that we see them going outdoors to paint, using smaller canvasses out of necessity and speeding up the process of recording and depiction. The impressionist style of painting i s characterized chiefly by concentration on the general impression produced by a scene or object and the use of unmixed primary colors and small strokes to simulate actual reflected light.Impressionism, (French â€Å"Impressionism†), a major movement, first in painting and later in music, that developed chiefly in France during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Impressionist painting comprises the work produced between about 1867 and 1886 by a group of artists who shared a set of related approaches and techniques. The most conspicuous characteristic of Impressionism was an attempt to accurately and objectively record visual reality in terms of transient effects of light and color.The principal Impressionist painters were: Claude Monet Pierre Augusta Renoir Camille Pissarro Alfred Sisley Berth Morison Armband Glutamine and FRR ©d ©rich Bacilli who worked together, influenced each other, and exhibited together and independently. Edgar Degas and Paul C ©Zane also pai nted in an Impressionist style for a time in the early sass. The established painter ?dotard Meant, whose work in the sass greatly influenced Monet and others of the group, himself adopted the Impressionist approach about 1873.The word ‘ ‘impressionist† was printed for the first time in the Charier on the 15 April 1874 by Louis Leroy(deed), after Claude Motet's landscape entitled Impressions: sole eleven [Impressions]. This word was used to call Exposition des Impressionist an exhibit held in the salons of the photographer Nadir and organized by the â€Å"Socio ©t © anemone des painters, sculptures et gravers† ‘Anonymous society of painters, sculptors and engravers†], composed of Pissarro, Monet, Sisley, Degas, Renoir, C ©Zane, Glutamine and Berth Morison.The popular press, predictably (the more things change†¦ Had a field day making fun of the impressionists. For example, Louis Leroy who wrote as the art-critic for the El Charier repo rted on April 25th that his companion at the opening, a noted academic (identity not disclosed) had made the following sarcastic remark: â€Å"Impressionism- I was certain of it. I was Just telling yeses that, since I was impressed, there had to be some impression in it†¦ And what freedom, what ease of workmanship!Wallpaper in it's embryonic state is more finished than that seascape† Edmond Tyranny (La Novel Painter, The new painting, 1876) on the other hand eve high praise to the Impressionists: they have†¦ Succeeded in breaking down sunlight into rays, it's elements, and to reconstitute it's unity by meaner of the general harmony of spectrum colors which they spread on their canvasses†¦. The most learned physicist could find nothing to criticize in their analysis of light.The Founders The founders of this society were animated by the will to break with the official art. The official theory that the color should be dropped pure on the canvas instead of getting mixed on the palette will only be respected by a few of them and only for a people of years. In fact, the Impressionism is a lot more a state of the mind than a technique; thus artists other than painters have also been qualified of impressionists. Many of these painters ignore the law of simultaneous contrast as established by Chevrolet in 1823.The expressions ‘ ‘independents† or ‘ ‘open air painters† may be more appropriate than ‘ ‘impressionists† to qualify those artists continuing a tradition inherited from Eugene Delicacies, who thought that the drawing and colors were a whole, and English landscape painters, Constable, Bonito and especially William Turner, hose first law was the observation of nature, as for landscape painters working in Barbarian and in the Fontainebleau forest.Eugene Boudoir, Satanists L ©pine and the Dutch Jointing were among the forerunners of the movement. In 1858, Eugene Boudoir met in Honolulu Cla ude Monet, aged about 1 5 years. He brought him to the seashore, gave him colors untaught him how to observe the changing lights on the Seine estuary. In those years, Boudoir is still the minor painter of the Pardon De Saints-Anne-la-papal, but is on the process of getting installed on the Normandy coast to paint the beaches of Trouble and El Have.On the C ¶et De Gar ¤CE, in the Saint-Simi ©on farm, he attracts many painters including Courier, Bacilli, Monet, Sisley. The last three will meet in Paris in the free Glare studio, and in 1863 they will discover a porcelain painter, Augusta Renoir. At the same time, other artists wanted to bypass the limitations attached to the Cole des Beaux-Arts and were working aqua des Roof ©verse in the Swiss Academy; the eldest, from the Danish West Indies, was Camille Pissarro; the other two were Paul C ©Zane and Armband Glutamine.El ‘ ‘Salon des Refuse ©s† The French people were highly impressed by the works of Detour ed Meant, and came outraged when they learned that he was refused for the 1863 Salon. The indignation was so high among the artistic population that Napoleon Ill allowed the opening off ‘ ‘Salon des Refuse ©s†, where Meant, Pissarro, Jointing, Calls, Centuries, Faint-Layout, etc. Showed their works. El D ©Jejune sure leered provoked a great enthusiasm among the young painters, who saw represented in Manatee's painting many of their concerns.They started meeting around him in the cafe © Grubbers, 9, avenue De Chicly, and thus creating l' ©Cole des Buttonholes. The 1866 Salon accepted the works of some of them: Degas, Bacilli, Berth Morison, Sisley; Monet exposed the portrait of Camille, Pissarro, less Boards De la Manner en hive; Meant, C ©Zane, Renoir were refused, and Mile Cola wrote in elopement a diatribe which made him the official upholder of those newcomers bearing an more revolutionary attitude in the conception than in the still traditional painti ng.The main distinction lies in the attraction for color and the liking of light; but Berth Morison remained faithful to Manatee's teaching; Degas was mixed between his admiration of Ingress and the Italian Renaissance painters; C ©Zane attempted to fairer du Poisson sure nature†; Claude Monet himself, in la Terraces AU Have and less Femmes AU Jarring (1866, Louvre, sales du Jew De Puma), is far from announcing his future audacity. The 1870 war The 1870 war split up those beginners.FRR ©d ©rich Bacilli was killed in Bean-la- Rolando; Renoir was embroiled; Degas volunteered; C ©Zane retired in Provence; Pissarro, Monet and Sisley moved to London, where they met Paul Duran-Rule. This stay in London is a major step in the evolution of Impressionism, both because these young artists met there their first merchant, and because they discovered Turner's nettings, whose light analysis will mark them. Back in Paris, most of these painters went to work in Argentines (Monet, Reno ir), Chateau (Renoir), Marry (Sisley), or on the banks of the river Jose (Pissarro, Glutamine, C ©Zane).Detoured Meant painted the Seine with Claude Monet and, under his influence, adopted the open air work. The opinion of the public Duran-Rule was unable to sell the works of the future impressionists and had to cease buying in 1873; thus, next year, they decided to expose in Nadir's (1 5 April-1 5 May 1874), where they displayed the works that the Salon had refused. They invited with no success Meant, but L ©pine, Boudoir, Breadcrumbs the engraver, Starts the sculptor, and the painters Calls, De Nits, Henry Route, etc.Joined them. Many artists became then conscious of the public and critics incomprehension, but the solidarity didn't last long. C ©Zane didn't participate in the group second exhibit, galleria Duran-Rule, rue El Paltrier, in 1876, which hold 24 Degas and works from Berth Morison, Claude Monet, Augusta Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley and FRR ©d ©rich Bacilli. They m et some upholders, such as Tyranny, Armband Silver, Philippe Burry, Mile Bal ©mood, Georges Rive ©re, soon tit The ©adore Turret.The disappearance of C ©Zane, Renoir, Sisley, Berth Morison in the 1879 exhibit proved that the group was splitting apart. Renoir preferred to send to the official Salon Mme Carpenters et sees infants and the Portrait of Jeanne Samara; yet only few people admired his artworks and of those of his friends, and the artilleries was uneasy, if not miserable. Degas tried, with Pissarro, to maintain the unity of the group, but his attempt failed since Monet, Sisley and Renoir were missing for the fifth exhibit, opened in April 1880; however, artworks room Gauguin appeared there for the first time.In 1881, some of the Impressionists went back to Nadir's: Pissarro, Degas, Glutamine, Berth Morison. The ‘ ‘seventh exhibition of independent artists† was the become the ‘Salon des mind ©pendants† two years later. Only Monet and Si sley continued to Journey deeper into the analysis of the changing moods of light and their effects on objects. Degas, Renoir and C ©Zane headed towards other painterly pursuits, whereas Pissarro was interested by the researches of Paul Gauguin, Georges Serrate, Paul Signal.At this stage, Impressionists were coming biblically appreciated, but their situation was still harsh; the Salon continued to refuse their paintings, and in 1894, 25 out of 65 artworks donated by Collaborate to the Luxembourg museum were rejected. Yet, when Camille Pissarro, the Impressionist patriarch, died in 1903, everybody agreed that this movement was the main Sixth century artistic revolution, and that all its members were among the finest painters.The influence of the Impressionists was great out of France, especially in Germany, with Liebermann, Corinth, and in Belgium. The first of the eight Impressionist exhibitions was held in 1874: Included were the following artists (and others) 1840-1926 Claude Mo net (lived 86 years) 1831-1903 Camille Pissarro (lived arrears) 1841-1919 Pierre August Renoir (lived 78 years) 1834-1917 Edgar Degas (lived 83 years) 1834-1903 James A.Mac Neil Whistler (lived 69 years) 1864-1901 Henry Marie Raymond De Toulouse-Ululate (lived 37 years) 1839-1899 Alfred Sisley (lived 60 years) 1839-1906 Paul C ©cane (lived 67 years) Glutamine 1824- 1898 Egg ©en Boudoir (lived 74 years) 1841-1895 Berth Morison * (lived 56 years) * Berth Morison was the only female painter to participate in the 1874 exhibition (as ell as , 1882 and 1886 exhibitions). She was Joined later by another female painter, the American Mary Cast (1844-1926) who exhibited in the and 1886 exhibitions.Note: Artists listed in green can be said to have only had a dubious relationship to the Impressionist ideal during the sass's (especially C ©Zane) The other seven Expressionist exhibitions were held in and 1886 Less closely connected with the Impressionists were Henry De Toulouse-Ululate and Dillon Redone. Concerned with perceptive portraiture and decorative effect, Toulouse-Ululate used the vivid contrasting colors of Impressionism in flat areas enclosed by a distinct, sinuous outline.Redo's still-life floras were somewhat Impressionistic, but his other works are more linear and Symbolist. In general, Postmodernists led away from a naturalistic approach and toward the two major movements of early 20th-century art that superseded it: Cubism and Fauvism, which sought to evoke emotion through color and line. Post-impressionism Post-impressionism is a movement of major importance in Western painting. As a movement it represents both, an extension of Impressionism, and a rejection of that style's inherent limitations.The term Post-impressionism was coined by the English art critic Roger Fry for the work of such late 19th-century painters as Paul C ©Zane, Georges Serrate, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, Henry De Toulouse-Ululate, and others. All of these painters except va n Gogh were French, and most of them began as Impressionists; each of them abandoned the style, however, to form his own highly personal art. Impressionism was based, in its strictest sense, on the objective recording of nature in terms of the fugitive effects of color and light.The Vivisectionists rejected his limited aim in favor of more ambitious expression, admitting their debt, however, to the pure, brilliant colors of Impressionism, its freedom from traditional subject matter, and its technique of defining form with short brushstrokes of broken color. The work of these painters formed a basis for several contemporary trends and for modern art in general. After a phase of uneasy dissension among the Impressionists, Paul C ©Zane withdrew from the movement in 1878 in order â€Å"to make of Impressionism something solid and durable like the art of the museums. In contrast to the passing show evicted by the Impressionists, his approach imbued landscape and still life with a monu mental permanence and coherence. He abandoned the Impressionists' virtuoso depiction of evanescent light effects in his preoccupation with the underlying structures of natural forms and the problem of unifying surface patterns with spatial depth. His art was the major inspiration for Cubism, which was concerned primarily with depicting the structure of objects.In 1884, at the Salon des Mind ©pendants in Paris, Georges Serrate revealed an intention similar to C ©cane's with paintings that wowed more attention to composition than those of the Impressionists and that delved into the science of color. Taking as a point of departure the Impressionist practice of using broken color to suggest shimmering light, he sought to achieve luminosity through optical formulas, placing side by side tiny bits of contrasting color chosen to blend from a distance into a dominant color.This extremely theoretical technique, called Pointillism, was adopted by a number of contemporary painters and form ed the basis of the style of painting known as Neo-lonesomeness The Vivisectionists often exhibited together but, unlike the Impressionists who were a close-knit, convivial group, they painted mainly alone. C ©Zane painted in isolation at Xix-en-Provence in southern France; his solitude was matched by that of Gauguin, who in 1891 took up residence in Tahiti, and of Van Gogh, who painted in the countryside at Arles.Both Gauguin and van Gogh rejected the indifferent objectivity of Impressionism in favor of a more personal, spiritual expression. After exhibiting with the Impressionists in 1886, Gauguin renounced â€Å"the abominable error of naturalism. With the young painter ?mile Bernard, he led a self-conscious return to the aesthetic of primitive art, for which he believed imagination and ideas were the primary inspiration and the representation of nature merely a vehicle for their expression.Copying the pure, flat color, heavy outline, and decorative quality of medieval stained glass and manuscript illumination, the two artists explored the expressive potential of pure color and line, Gauguin especially using exotic and sensuous color harmonies to poetically depict the Athenians he eventually lived among. Arriving in Paris in 1886, the Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh quickly adapted Impressionist techniques and color to express his acutely felt emotions.

Women Who Kill Essay - 2279 Words

Traditional ideas about women who kill are that they are less violent than men, they commit murder out of reaction and not their own initiations. Homicides by women typically take place in the residence of the offender; usually these residences are shared with the victim. Relative to those of women, a higher percentage of homicides by men occurs in bars and taverns. Women most often kill husbands, exhusbands, and lovers, followed by children and other relatives in frequency (Wolfgang, 1958; Ward et al., 1969; Wilbanks, 1982; Zimring, Mukherjee, VanWinkle, 1983 as cited by Jurik, Winn). Criminology has treated womens role in crime with a large measure of indifference. The intellectual tradition from which criminology derives its†¦show more content†¦Their theories were based on atavism. Atavism refers to the belief that all individuals displaying anti-social behavior were biological throwbacks (Smart, 1978: 32 as cited by Kelta). The born female criminal was perceived to have the criminal qualities of the male plus the worst characteristics of women. According to Lombroso and Ferrero (1895), these included deceitfulness, cunning and spite among others and were not apparent among males. This indicated that criminal women were genetically more male than female, so that made them considered abnormal. Criminality in men was a common feature of their natural characteristics, whereby women, their biologically-determined nature was opposing to crime. Female social deviants or criminals who did not act according to pre-defined standards were diagnosed as patho logical and requiring treatment, they were to be cured or removed (Lombroso and Ferrero, 1895: 43 as cited by Kelta). There is a difference between homicide and murder. Homicide is when one person kills another person. Murder is when the person intentionally kills someone, like premeditated murder. Homicides are criminal, forgivable, or reasonable. A criminal homicide is unreasonable, and the consequences are harsh. A forgivable or reasonable homicide is one without criminal intent to kill someone. Examples of excusable or justifiable homicide wouldShow MoreRelatedWomen : The Imprisonment Of Battered Women Who Kill By Elizabeth Dermody Leonard1367 Words   |  6 Pagesby Nawal El Saadawi, deals with a prostitute who, after a difficult childhood filled with abuse, eventually realizes how women are treated in her Egyptian society and murders her pimp as a way of breaking free from the gender roles. However, this may be a rather new subject for many students and an introduction to battered women who become criminals would be insightful and useful. 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The Consequences of Lennies Carelessness in In Of Mice...

Doing careless things can lead to the downfall of an individual. In Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck, Lennie does careless and thoughtless acts that lead to the downfall of himself and others around him. The careless actions of Lennie were apparent through Lennie and the pups, Lennie and Curley’s wife, and Lennie and George. Thoughtless actions appear in many ways such as animal cruelty. Lennie likes to feel soft items such as velvet, fur and items such as puppies. In the introduction to the story and characters, Lennie was carrying a dead mouse just to pet it. He was traveling with George, his best friend, who acted fraternal to him. When George and Lennie went to work on a different ranch, Lennie was promised a puppy from Slim, the†¦show more content†¦They start talking and she asks Lennie if she wants to feel her hair, for she claimed that it was soft. Lennie grabbed her hair and her words were verified. His grip grew tighter. He would not let go, for he was too panicked to do anything. She thrashes under his grip and when Lennie finally lets go, she is motionless on the ground (Steinbeck 91). Lennie had killed Curley’s wife by snapping her neck. Lennie did not mean to kill her, but his action of not letting go of her hair had caused the downfall of Curley’s wife. Curleyâ€℠¢s wife dying caused Lennie to run away from the ranch and hide by a river. Lennie left, trying to avoid George. Lennie said, â€Å"I shouldn’t have did that. George’ll be mad† (Steinbeck 93). Lennie left the ranch after killing her, knowing how mad George would be, because they could get let go or killed when her corpse was found Lennie went to the Salinas River, where the story begins. George knew that he would be there, for he told Lennie to go there. George came to where Lennie was, and shot him in the back of the head by tricking Lennie. Lennie’s choice to run resulted in the downfall of himself, which was avoidable. He was going to be imprisoned in the ranch if he stayed; instead his actions meant impending death. Lennie not letting go of her resulted in the death of Lennie and Curley’s wife, due to the carelessness of Lennie. Friendships also grow tougher with enough careless decisions and actions. George and Lennie’s friendshipShow MoreRelatedThe Pursuit of the American Dream in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men1967 Words   |  8 PagesOf Mice and Men is a short novel about the story of two migrant workers who are best friends during the Great Depression (Goldhurst 49). The setting is the Salinas Valley in California, and the majority of the characters are unskilled migratory workers who do what their name implies. They travel from towns and ranches and farms looking for work and eventually move on to find another job. John Steinbeck puts the spotlight on two migratory workers who dream to finally settle down by saving money toRead MoreDreaming the Dream in The Great Gatsby, and Of Mice and Men1194 Words   |  5 Pagesdetermination has attracted people from all around the world. Two writers from America’s past, however, have a different opinion on the once-great American Dream. F. Scott F itzgerald and John Steinbeck have given the public their beliefs on the modern Dream through the novels they have written, The Great Gatsby, and Of Mice and Men, respectively. One novel placed during the Great Depression and the other during the Roaring Twenties both illustrate how their author feels about the Dream itself through the use